Koperasi

TUGAS 1 

1. Bagaimana kemajuan koperasi sejak pertama kali didirikan hingga saat ini?

Jawab :  menurut saya, koperasi di indonesia hingga saat ini masih dalam tahap perkembangan butuh dukungan dari pemerintah untuk memajukan koperasi dan juga dibutuhkan Sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas. karena perkembangan koperasi hanya berada disekitar daerah-daerah tertentu saja, tidak dengan di perkotaan.

    2.   Hal-hal apa saja yang telah dicapai koperasi?

Jawab : keberhasilan koperasi yang hampir berada di seluruh sekolah di indonesia, dan juga masyarakat sudah merasakan simpan-pinjam yang dibuat oleh koperasi

           

Softskill English 2

MARKETING MIX PROMOTION

Promotion tries to bring products to potential customers attention it tells us about prod- ucts, what they do, how they benefit us, and where we can buy them. We are almost al- ways  surrounded by promotion , we cannot get  way  from  it,  whether  it  is  on  TV,  on buses, on the packaging of food we eat, on the internet or in the mail we receive almost every day. Promotion does have benefits for consumers;

   •  it allows us to find out about new prod- ucts

•  keeps us informed and up to date about product launches and updates,

•   allows  us  to  make  informed  choices about the goods we consume,

•   pays  for    free  to  view  TV  (ITV)  and much of the content on Internet

•   keeps thousands of people employed.

Types of Promotion

So how do firms promote their products? Try listing different forms of promotion, it would be surprising if you list less than 20. With so many ways of promoting products it is useful to be able to group these different methods. One way of sub dividing the types of promo- tion is to group them into, Above the Line, and Below the Line

Above the line promotion

Involves a direct appeal to the customer. Above the line promotion is what is generally called advertising. This will include posters, TV adverts, radio ads, newspaper ads and so on

Advertising is carried out through various media, the most important being TV, maga- zines, newspapers, radio, posters, and of in-

creasing importance, the Internet. The choice

of media used depends upon a number of fac- tors, these include.

•          Target market - who are the firm trying to sell to?

•          Whether the objective is to convey in- formation or another type of message - will  the  product  sell  only  when  people fully understand its function e.g. digital radios, or do people buy on impulse e.g. chocolate bars?

•          Cost - what types of promotion can we af- ford, for many small businesses this is the  first  question  they  ask  about  any form of promotion

•          The product—is the product suited to a certain type of promotion, for example is the best way to promote replacement double glazing, through personal selling door to door or by an advert in the local paper?

What types of media would suit the following products and services?

Low cost Air Travel -

Launch of a new family Ford car- New Iphone-

House Insurance -

Aunt Bessies frozen puddings - Newly opened take-away restraint - Nationwide Carpet Retailer - Below the line promotion. 

This type of pro-motion encourages consumers to buy now, and make an immediate saving or a potential fi- nancial gain. Below the line uses   product packaging, money off coupons, point of sale promotions  and  competitions.  Ring tones and music videos on cell phones are helping the enter- tainment industry to promote bands or a movies for much lower cost than compared to above the line promotion

For the examples below of below the line promotion add products or services that might be suitable for each of the types.

personal selling packaging special offers

direct or junk mailing sampling

sponsorship

Point of sale promotions

For many of the consumer products you will find in supermarkets, below the line promo- tion is used only for short-term periods, so offers and promotions come and go. But for other products such as industrial goods and financial services, personal selling plays long term role in product sales development. Also special offers seem to be the standard sales method in industries such as double glazing,

and junk mailing is a must for banks and insur-

ance companies.

Persuasive and Informative Promotion

In these  exam- ples of promo- tion we can see a division of the type of adver- tising   message . One type of message sells the product through image, or style, or the aspirations of the po- tential buyer - this is known as persuasive advertising. The other type of advertising mes- sage, provides factual information on the product informative advertising. Most products will use a  combination of the  two  types, and the type of media will to a large extent determine whether the  emphasis  is on persuasive or informative. Also certain products lend themselves

to one or the other, ice cream brands- persuasive, computers - informative.

Whichever form or forms of promotion are used, it must be relevant to the business and the product. Remember the most expensive forms of promotion, such as national TV, or na- tional newspapers are  often options open to only the largest businesses, and most small local businesses will have to make do with the low cost alternatives

Group Exercise

As part of a marketing team, you have been given the task of deciding how and where to promote Dalek mask toys for Christmas. Money is tight, and time is short. You need to design one or two forms of promotion based on what you think are the best types of me- dia to use. You could consider posters, news- paper /magazine ads. You should also decide whether you’re a is going to be persuasive or informative—or perhaps a combination of the two.

Homework Exercise

Select 4 adverts from local and national newspapers, plus 4 examples of direct mail and leaflets. Group them into informative and persuasive types of promotion, or a mix of the two. For 2 of the adverts explain why the media used was chosen.

Past Paper Questions

The photograph above shows a chemist’s shop near a doctor’s surgery. It is alongside a main road which runs through a large housing es- tate on the outskirts of a Welsh town. The shop is a co-operative retail business. Explain ways in which   businesses,   such   as   co-operatives, can use the marketing mix to sellmore goods

Sumber : groups.haas.berkeley.edu/marketing/PAPERS/PRIYA/Paper5

Assets

Current Assets

Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle (whichever is longer), without disturbing the normal operations of a business. These assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets:

1. Cash and cash equivalents — it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, and negotiable instruments (e.g., money orders, cheque, bank drafts).
 

2. Short-term investments — include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences (trading securities).
 

3. Receivables — usually reported as net of allowance for noncollectable accounts.
 

4. Inventory — trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the balance sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value, whichever is lower. This is known as the "lower of cost or market" rule.
 

5. Prepaid expenses — these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed (a common example is insurance). See also adjusting entries.

Marketable securities that can be converted into cash quickly at a reasonable price

The phrase net current assets (also called working capital) is often used and refers to the total of current assets less the total of current liabilities.

An asset such as receivables, inventory, work in process, or cash, that is constantly flowing in and out of an organization in the normal course of its business, as cash is converted into goods and then back into cash. In accounting, any asset expected to last or be in use for less than one year is considered a current asset. Also called circulating asset

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/current-asset.html#ixzz2OkH56nxZ

Long-term liabilities

Long-term liabilities are liabilities with a future benefit over one year, such as notes payable that mature longer than one year.

In accounting, the long-term liabilities are shown on the right wing of the balance-sheet representing the sources of funds, which are generally bounded in form of capital assets.

Examples of long-term liabilities are debentures, mortgage loans and other bank loans. (Note: Not all bank loans are long term as not all are paid over a period greater than a year, an example of this is a bridging loan.)

By convention, the portion of long-term liabilities that must be paid in the coming 12-month period are classified as current liabilities. For example, a loan for which two payments of $1000 are due, one in the next twelve months and the other after that date, would be 'split' into two: the first $1000 would be classified as a current liability, and the second $1000 as a long-term liability (note this example is simplified, and does not take into account any interest or discounting effects, which may be required depending on the accounting rules).

Also "long-term liabilities" are a way to show that you have to pay something off in a time period longer than one year.

Simple Present Tense

1. -  These assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity (+)

- These assets aren’t  continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity (-)

- Are these assets continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity? (?)

2. - Cash and cash equivalents it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, and negotiable instruments (+)

- Cash and cash equivalents it isn’t  the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, and negotiable instruments (-)

- is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, and negotiable instruments? (?)

3. - Receivables usually reported as net of allowance for noncollectable accounts. (+)

- Receivable doesn’t usually reported as net of allowance for noncollectable accounts. (-)

- Does receivable usually reported as net of allowance for noncollectable accounts? (?)

4. - Inventory trading these assets is a normal business of a company (+)

- Inventory  trading these assets isn’t a normal business of a company. (-)

- Is inventory trading these assets a normal business of a company? (?)

5. - The inventory value reported on the balance sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value, whichever is lower (+)

- The inventory value reported on the balance sheet isn’t usually the historical cost or fair market value, whichever is lower (-)

- Is the inventory value reported on the balance sheet usually the historical cost or fair market value, whichever is lower? (?)

6. - The phrase net current assets (also called working capital) is often used and refers to the total of current assets less the total of current liabilities (+)

- The phrase net current assets (also called working capital) isn’t  often used and refers to the total of current assets less the total of current liabilities (-)

- Is the phrase net current assets (also called working capital) often used and refers to the total of current assets less the total of current liabilities? (?)

7. - Long-term liabilities are liabilities with a future benefit over one year, such as notes payable that mature longer than one year (+)

- Long-term liabilities aren’t  liabilities with a future benefit over one year, such as notes payable that mature longer than one year (-)

- Are long-term liabilities with a future benefit over one year, such as notes payable that mature longer than one year? (?)

8. - Examples of long-term liabilities are debentures, mortgage loans and other bank loans. (+)

- Examples of long-term liabilities aren’t debentures, mortgage loans and other bank loans. (-)

- Are examples of long-term liabilities debentures, mortgage loans and other bank loans? (?)

9. - Also "long-term liabilities" are a way to show that you have to pay something off in a time period longer than one year (+)

- Also "long-term liabilities" aren’t a way to show that you haven’t to pay something off in a time period longer than one year (-)

- Are also "long-term liabilities" a way to show that you have to pay something off in a time period longer than one year? (?)

10. - Not all bank loans are long term as not all are paid over a period greater than a year, an example of this is a bridging loan (+)

- Not all bank loans aren’t long term as not all are paid over a period greater than a year, an example of this is a bridging loan (-)

- Are not all bank loans long term as not all are paid over a period greater than a year, an example of this is a bridging loan? (?)

Sumber Artikel : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_liability